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Bibliography
Papers of special note have been highlighted as either of interest * or of considerable interest ** to readers.
1. STEERE AC, TAYLOR E, MCHUGH GL, LOGIGIAN EL: The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA (1993) 269:1812-1816.
2. SIGAL LH, PATELLA SJ: Lyme arthritis as the incorrect diagnosis in pediatric and adolescent fibromyalgia. Pediatrics (1992) 90:523-528.
3. MEEK JI, ROBERTS CL, SMITH EV, CARTTER ML: Underreporting of Lyme disease by Connecticut physicians, 1992. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. (1996)2:61-65.
4. LAUTIN A, MCNEIL EL, LIEGNER KB, STRICKER RB, SIGAL LH: Lyme disease controversy: use and misuse of language. Ann. Intern. Med. (2002) 137:775-777. *A broad overview of the Lyme disease controversy.
5. BAKKEN LK, CASE KL, CALLISTER SM, BOURDEAU NJ, SCHELL RF: Performance of 45 laboratories participating in a proficiency testing program for Lyme disease serology. JAMA (1992) 268:891-895.
6. BROWN SL, HANSON SL, LANGONE JJ: Role of serology in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA (1999) 282:62-66. *The FDA view of Lyme disease testing.
7. MONTGOMERY RR, NATHANSON MH, MALAWISTA SE: The fate of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent for Lyme disease, in mouse macrophages. Destruction, survival, recovery. J. Immunol. (1993) 150:909-915.
8. BOCKENSTEDT LK, MAO J, HODZIC E, BARTHOLD SW, FISH D: Detection of attenuated, noninfectious spirochetes in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice after antibiotic treatment. J. Infect. Dis. (2002) 186:1430-1437.
9. STRAUBINGER RK, SUMMERS BA, CHANG YF, APPEL MJ: Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected dogs after antibiotic treatment. J. Clin. Microbiol. (1997) 35:111-116.
10. STRAUBINGER RK: PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2000) 38:2191-2199.
11. CADAVID D, O'NEILL T, SCHAEFER H, PACHNER AR: Localization of Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system and other organs in a nonhuman primate model of Lyme disease. Lab. Invest. (2000) 80:1043-1054.
12. PREAC-MURSIC V, WEBER K, PFISTER HW et al.: Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in antibiotically treated patients with Lyme borreliosis. Infection (1989) 17:355-359.
13. FREY M, JAULHAC B, PIEMONT Y et al.: Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in muscle of patients with chronic myalgia related to Lyme disease. Am. J. Med. (1998) 104:591-594. *A tissue study of long-term infection in humans with Lyme disease.
14. OKSI J, MARJAMAKI M, NIKOSKELAINEN J et al.: Borrelia burgdorferi detected by culture and PCR in Stricker & Lautin Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2003) 12(10) 5 clinical relapse of disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Ann. Med. (1999) 31:225-232.
15. BENACH JL, COLEMAN JL, HABICHT GS, MACDONALD A, GRUNWALDT E, GIRON JA: Serological evidence for simultaneous occurrences of Lyme disease and babesiosis. J. Infect. Dis. (1985) 152:473-477.
16. MARCUS LC, STEERE AC, DURAY PH, ANDERSON AE, MAHONEY EB: Fatal pancarditis in a patient with coexistent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Demonstration of spirochetes in the myocardium. Ann. Intern. Med. (1985) 103:374-376.
17. NADELMAN RB, HOROWITZ HW, HSIEH TC et al.: Simultaneous human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337:27-30.
18. DEMARTINO SJ, CARLYON JA, FIKRIG E: Coinfections with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:150-151.
19. KRAUSE PJ, MCKAY K, THOMPSON CA et al.: Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tick-borne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2002) 34:1184-1191.
20. STRICKER RB, HARRIS NS, YONG DC, WINGER EE: Clinical and seroepidemiologic characteristics of Babesia WA-1 coinfection in patients with Lyme disease in California. J. Invest. Med. (2003) 51 (Suppl. 1):S145. *Coinfection with an emerging pathogen, Babesia WA-1, in Lyme disease patients.
21. ESKOW E, RAO RV, MORDECHAI E: Concurrent infection of the central nervous system by Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella henselae: evidence for a novel tick-borne disease complex. Arch. Neurol. (2001) 58:1357-1363. *First description of tick transmission of B. henselae.
22. HARVEY WT, SALVATO P: Lyme disease- ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis pandemic? Med. Hypotheses (2003) 60:742-759. **Excellent review of the Lyme disease controversy.
23. STRICKER RB, MOORE DH, WINGER EE: Clinical and immunologic evidence for transmission of Lyme disease through intimate human contact. (Abstract, submitted).
24. PAVIA CS: Current and novel therapies for Lyme disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2003) 12:1003-1016.
25. ZORE A, RUZIC-SABLJIC E, MARASPIN V et al.: Sensitivity of culture and polymerase chain reaction for the etiologic diagnosis of erythema migrans. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. (2002) 114:606-609.
26. LIVERIS D, WANG G, GIRAO G et al.: Quantitative detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in 2-millimeter skin samples of erythema migrans lesions: correlation of results with clinical and laboratory findings. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2002) 40:1249-1253.
27. HICKS CB: Confronting the clinical uncertainty regarding syphilis. AIDS Clin. Care (2003) 15:64-65.
28. STRICKER RB, PHILLIPS SE: Lyme disease without erythema migrans: Cause for concern? Am. J. Med. (2003) 115(1):72-73.
29. BRUCK DK, TALBOT ML, CLUSS RG, BOOTHBY JT: Ultrastructural characterization of the stages of spheroplast preparation of Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Microbiol. Methods (1995) 23:219-228.
30. PREAC-MURSIC V, WANNER G, REINHARDT S, WILSKE B, BUSCH U, MARGET W: Formation and cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi spheroplast L-form variants. Infection (1996) 24:218-226.
31. ALBAN PS, JOHNSON PW, NELSON DR: Serum-starvation-induced changes in protein synthesis and morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Microbiology (2000) 146(Pt 1):119-127.
32. BRORSON O, BRORSON SH: A rapid method for generating cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi, and their reversal to mobile spirochetes. APMIS (1998) 106:1131-1141.
33. BRORSON O, BRORSON SH: An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to metronidazole. APMIS (1999) 107:566-576.
34. KERSTEN A, POITSCHEK C, RAUCH S, ABERER E: Effects of penicillin, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline on the morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemo. (1995) 39:1127-1133.
35. ABERER E, KOSZIK F, SILBERER M: Why is chronic Lyme borreliosis chronic? Clin. Infect. Dis. (1997) 25(Suppl. 1):S64-S70.
36. SCHOELER GB, WIKEL SK: Modulation of host immunity by haematophagous arthropods. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. (2001) 95:755-771.
37. HANNIER S, LIVERSIDGE J, STERNBERG JM, BOWMAN AS: Ixodes ricinus tick salivary gland extract inhibits IL-10 secretion and CD69 expression by mitogen-stimulated murine splenocytes and induces hyporesponsiveness in B lymphocytes. Parasite Immunol. (2003) 25:27-37.
38. RHEN M, ERIKSSON S, CLEMENTS M, BERGSTROM S, NORMARK SJ: The basis of persistent bacterial infections. Trends Microbiol. (2003) 11:80-86. *An overview of mechanisms of chronic bacterial infection comparing Borrelia and Mycobacteria.
39. LIANG FT, JACOBS MB, BOWERS LC, PHILIPP MT: An immune evasion mechanism for spirochetal persistence in Lyme borreliosis. J. Exp. Med. (2002) 195:415-422. *Description of an immune evasion mechanism that leads to persistence of B. burgdorferi infection.
page one - two - three - four - five - six
Papers of special note have been highlighted as either of interest * or of considerable interest ** to readers.
1. STEERE AC, TAYLOR E, MCHUGH GL, LOGIGIAN EL: The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA (1993) 269:1812-1816.
2. SIGAL LH, PATELLA SJ: Lyme arthritis as the incorrect diagnosis in pediatric and adolescent fibromyalgia. Pediatrics (1992) 90:523-528.
3. MEEK JI, ROBERTS CL, SMITH EV, CARTTER ML: Underreporting of Lyme disease by Connecticut physicians, 1992. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. (1996)2:61-65.
4. LAUTIN A, MCNEIL EL, LIEGNER KB, STRICKER RB, SIGAL LH: Lyme disease controversy: use and misuse of language. Ann. Intern. Med. (2002) 137:775-777. *A broad overview of the Lyme disease controversy.
5. BAKKEN LK, CASE KL, CALLISTER SM, BOURDEAU NJ, SCHELL RF: Performance of 45 laboratories participating in a proficiency testing program for Lyme disease serology. JAMA (1992) 268:891-895.
6. BROWN SL, HANSON SL, LANGONE JJ: Role of serology in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA (1999) 282:62-66. *The FDA view of Lyme disease testing.
7. MONTGOMERY RR, NATHANSON MH, MALAWISTA SE: The fate of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent for Lyme disease, in mouse macrophages. Destruction, survival, recovery. J. Immunol. (1993) 150:909-915.
8. BOCKENSTEDT LK, MAO J, HODZIC E, BARTHOLD SW, FISH D: Detection of attenuated, noninfectious spirochetes in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice after antibiotic treatment. J. Infect. Dis. (2002) 186:1430-1437.
9. STRAUBINGER RK, SUMMERS BA, CHANG YF, APPEL MJ: Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected dogs after antibiotic treatment. J. Clin. Microbiol. (1997) 35:111-116.
10. STRAUBINGER RK: PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2000) 38:2191-2199.
11. CADAVID D, O'NEILL T, SCHAEFER H, PACHNER AR: Localization of Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system and other organs in a nonhuman primate model of Lyme disease. Lab. Invest. (2000) 80:1043-1054.
12. PREAC-MURSIC V, WEBER K, PFISTER HW et al.: Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in antibiotically treated patients with Lyme borreliosis. Infection (1989) 17:355-359.
13. FREY M, JAULHAC B, PIEMONT Y et al.: Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in muscle of patients with chronic myalgia related to Lyme disease. Am. J. Med. (1998) 104:591-594. *A tissue study of long-term infection in humans with Lyme disease.
14. OKSI J, MARJAMAKI M, NIKOSKELAINEN J et al.: Borrelia burgdorferi detected by culture and PCR in Stricker & Lautin Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2003) 12(10) 5 clinical relapse of disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Ann. Med. (1999) 31:225-232.
15. BENACH JL, COLEMAN JL, HABICHT GS, MACDONALD A, GRUNWALDT E, GIRON JA: Serological evidence for simultaneous occurrences of Lyme disease and babesiosis. J. Infect. Dis. (1985) 152:473-477.
16. MARCUS LC, STEERE AC, DURAY PH, ANDERSON AE, MAHONEY EB: Fatal pancarditis in a patient with coexistent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Demonstration of spirochetes in the myocardium. Ann. Intern. Med. (1985) 103:374-376.
17. NADELMAN RB, HOROWITZ HW, HSIEH TC et al.: Simultaneous human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337:27-30.
18. DEMARTINO SJ, CARLYON JA, FIKRIG E: Coinfections with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:150-151.
19. KRAUSE PJ, MCKAY K, THOMPSON CA et al.: Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tick-borne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2002) 34:1184-1191.
20. STRICKER RB, HARRIS NS, YONG DC, WINGER EE: Clinical and seroepidemiologic characteristics of Babesia WA-1 coinfection in patients with Lyme disease in California. J. Invest. Med. (2003) 51 (Suppl. 1):S145. *Coinfection with an emerging pathogen, Babesia WA-1, in Lyme disease patients.
21. ESKOW E, RAO RV, MORDECHAI E: Concurrent infection of the central nervous system by Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella henselae: evidence for a novel tick-borne disease complex. Arch. Neurol. (2001) 58:1357-1363. *First description of tick transmission of B. henselae.
22. HARVEY WT, SALVATO P: Lyme disease- ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis pandemic? Med. Hypotheses (2003) 60:742-759. **Excellent review of the Lyme disease controversy.
23. STRICKER RB, MOORE DH, WINGER EE: Clinical and immunologic evidence for transmission of Lyme disease through intimate human contact. (Abstract, submitted).
24. PAVIA CS: Current and novel therapies for Lyme disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2003) 12:1003-1016.
25. ZORE A, RUZIC-SABLJIC E, MARASPIN V et al.: Sensitivity of culture and polymerase chain reaction for the etiologic diagnosis of erythema migrans. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. (2002) 114:606-609.
26. LIVERIS D, WANG G, GIRAO G et al.: Quantitative detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in 2-millimeter skin samples of erythema migrans lesions: correlation of results with clinical and laboratory findings. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2002) 40:1249-1253.
27. HICKS CB: Confronting the clinical uncertainty regarding syphilis. AIDS Clin. Care (2003) 15:64-65.
28. STRICKER RB, PHILLIPS SE: Lyme disease without erythema migrans: Cause for concern? Am. J. Med. (2003) 115(1):72-73.
29. BRUCK DK, TALBOT ML, CLUSS RG, BOOTHBY JT: Ultrastructural characterization of the stages of spheroplast preparation of Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Microbiol. Methods (1995) 23:219-228.
30. PREAC-MURSIC V, WANNER G, REINHARDT S, WILSKE B, BUSCH U, MARGET W: Formation and cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi spheroplast L-form variants. Infection (1996) 24:218-226.
31. ALBAN PS, JOHNSON PW, NELSON DR: Serum-starvation-induced changes in protein synthesis and morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Microbiology (2000) 146(Pt 1):119-127.
32. BRORSON O, BRORSON SH: A rapid method for generating cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi, and their reversal to mobile spirochetes. APMIS (1998) 106:1131-1141.
33. BRORSON O, BRORSON SH: An in vitro study of the susceptibility of mobile and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to metronidazole. APMIS (1999) 107:566-576.
34. KERSTEN A, POITSCHEK C, RAUCH S, ABERER E: Effects of penicillin, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline on the morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemo. (1995) 39:1127-1133.
35. ABERER E, KOSZIK F, SILBERER M: Why is chronic Lyme borreliosis chronic? Clin. Infect. Dis. (1997) 25(Suppl. 1):S64-S70.
36. SCHOELER GB, WIKEL SK: Modulation of host immunity by haematophagous arthropods. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. (2001) 95:755-771.
37. HANNIER S, LIVERSIDGE J, STERNBERG JM, BOWMAN AS: Ixodes ricinus tick salivary gland extract inhibits IL-10 secretion and CD69 expression by mitogen-stimulated murine splenocytes and induces hyporesponsiveness in B lymphocytes. Parasite Immunol. (2003) 25:27-37.
38. RHEN M, ERIKSSON S, CLEMENTS M, BERGSTROM S, NORMARK SJ: The basis of persistent bacterial infections. Trends Microbiol. (2003) 11:80-86. *An overview of mechanisms of chronic bacterial infection comparing Borrelia and Mycobacteria.
39. LIANG FT, JACOBS MB, BOWERS LC, PHILIPP MT: An immune evasion mechanism for spirochetal persistence in Lyme borreliosis. J. Exp. Med. (2002) 195:415-422. *Description of an immune evasion mechanism that leads to persistence of B. burgdorferi infection.
page one - two - three - four - five - six
Ticks carry more than just
Lyme disease! Including:
0 -Ehrlichia;
o -Bartonella;
0 -Babesia;
o -Q- Fever;
0 -Tularemia;
o -Tick-borne Encephalitis;
0 -Mycoplasma;
o -Relapsing Fever;
0 -Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and others.
Never WAIT and SEE about a tick bite, please! Quickly and properly treated infections are less likely to progress to later stage or chronic disease.
Sometimes tick bites are
mistaken for spider bites!
Some diseases may be spread by animal bites or scratches and from mosquitoes, fleas or lice.
There is still so much to learn about Lyme disease and related infections.
Sometimes Lyme disease and related infectious diseases are undiagnosed for years, even decades!
Watch closely for symptoms after tick bites. Some never see a tick or a bulls-eye rash.
Don't ignore tick-borne disease symptoms!
If you feel sick, ask a doctor!
SYMPTOMS may include:
0 -Tick bites;
o -Fever; Flu symptoms;
0 -All kinds of Rashes;
o -Muscle; Joint; Neck Pain;
0 -Body Aches; Weakness
o -Light /Sound Sensitivity;
0 -Bells Palsy; Nerve pain;
o -Insomnia; Poor memory
0 -Headaches; Numbness;
o -Mood disorders; Confusion;
0 -Extreme Fatigue; Exhaustion
Never let tick-borne diseases progress!
Lyme and associated diseases are often MISTAKEN FOR OTHER ILLNESSES, Including:
0 -Chronic Fatigue;
o -Fibromyalgia;
0 -Hypochondria;
o -Multiple Sclerosis;
0 -Lupus;
o -Rheumatoid Arthritis;
0 -Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS);
o -Alzheimer's and
0 -Parkinson's disease
******************
Don't be fooled about ticks and their diseases.
******************
Directly affecting humankind, worldwide:
W H A T H A P P E N E D
when the U.S. Senate addressed the Centers for Disease Control regarding Lyme disease?
Consult a good doctor!
Visit ILADS, LDF, LymeNet or LDA to find a specialist in your location.
Protect your children and your family.
Learn about ticks and their many diseases.
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TICK
BYTES:
- TICKS KNOW NO BOUNDARIES -
Tick-borne diseases are spreading rapidly in many countries across the world -not only in Scandinavia, UK, Hungary, Scotland, USA, France, Germany, China, and Australia.
- ONE BIG PROBLEM WITH TESTS -
There is NO 100% accurate Lyme disease test currently available to detect infection or cure. more...
- WHERE TICKS LIVE -
Ticks can be found in and around leaf litter; grass; logs; animal fur; bird feeders; and deer, mice, squirrel, and other small animal habitats.
- HOW TO REMOVE TICKS -
There is only one right way. Promptly and properly remove ticks to avoid infection. Here's how...
- TICKS KNOW NO BOUNDARIES -
Tick-borne diseases are spreading rapidly in many countries across the world -not only in Scandinavia, UK, Hungary, Scotland, USA, France, Germany, China, and Australia.
- ONE BIG PROBLEM WITH TESTS -
There is NO 100% accurate Lyme disease test currently available to detect infection or cure. more...
- WHERE TICKS LIVE -
Ticks can be found in and around leaf litter; grass; logs; animal fur; bird feeders; and deer, mice, squirrel, and other small animal habitats.
- HOW TO REMOVE TICKS -
There is only one right way. Promptly and properly remove ticks to avoid infection. Here's how...
How
to Properly Remove A Tick
Never let tick-borne
infections progress !
Tick-borne diseases can
affect any body part,
organ, and any system
of the body.
Lyme disease and Syphilis are both caused by a type of bacteria called a spirochete.
Tick-borne diseases can KILL!
Ticks travel on mice!
ALWAYS Get Ticks Tested!
Never let tick-borne
infections progress !
Tick-borne diseases can
affect any body part,
organ, and any system
of the body.
Lyme disease and Syphilis are both caused by a type of bacteria called a spirochete.
Tick-borne diseases can KILL!
Ticks travel on mice!
ALWAYS Get Ticks Tested!
Lyme Disease Foundation
Lyme
rashes have been
mistaken for ring worm!
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Ticks
travel on birds!
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