“What Lyme Disease Research Needs To Be Done And Why”  
By  Tom Grier

References continued:
Tuomanen Elaine. Breaching the Blood Brain Barrier: Development of a therapy for meningitis has revealed how bacteria penetrate the Blood-brain barrier. Scientific American February 1993 pp 80-85   

Schutzer, Steve M.D. Lyme Disease: Molecular and Immunologic Approaches. Series 6 Current Communications in Molecular and Cell Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Press, 329 pages, 1992  

Cleveland CP, Dennler PS, Durray PH. Recurrence of Lyme disease presenting as a chest wall mass: Borrelia burgdorferi was present despite five months of IV ceftriaxone 2g, and three months of oral cefixime 400 mg BID. Poster presentation LDF International Conference on Lyme Disease research, Stamford, CT, April 1992 *  

Masters EJ, Lynxwiler P, Rawlings J. Spirochetemia after continuous high dose oral amoxicillin therapy. Infect Dis Clin Practice 1994;3:207-208  

Lawrence C, Lipton RB, Lowy FD, and Coyle PK. Seronegative Chronic Relapsing Neuroborreliosis. European Neurology. 1995;35(2):113-117   

Marshall V. Multiple Sclerosis is a Chronic Central Nervous System Infection by a Spirochetal Agent. Medical Hypothesis 1988;25:89-92

Miklossy Judit. Alzheimer’s disease a spirochetosis? Neuro Report 1993;4:841-848 Miklossy J, Kuntzer T, Bogousslavsky J, et al. Meningovascular form of neuroborreliosis: Similarities between neuropathological findings in a case of Lyme disease and those occurring in tertiary Neurosyphilis. Acta Neuro Pathol 1990;80:568-572  

Beard CM, Kokmen E, O’Brien PC, Kurland LT. The prevalence of dementia is changing over time in Rochester, Minnesota. Neurology 1995;45:75-79  

DeSilva D, Potters-Tilkin C. Dementia in Lyme Disease: A Case Study. Lecture Handout. LDF Lyme Conference, Atlantic City, 1993

Garcia-Monco JC, Coleman JL. Antibodies to Myelin Basic Protein in Lyme disease. J Infect Dis (Letter) September 1988;158(3):667  

Garcia-Monco JC, Fernandez-Villar B, Benach JL. Adherence of the Lyme Disease Spirochete to the Glial Cells. J Infect Dis 1989;160(3):497-506  

Garcia-Monco JC, Fernandez-Villar B, Alen JC, Benach JL. Borrelia burgdorferi in the CNS: experimental and clinical evidence for early invasion. J Infect Dis 1990;161:1187-1193  

Garcia-Monco JC, Fernandez-Villar B, Rogers RC, Szczepanski A, Wheeler CM, Benach JL. Borrelia burgdorferi and other related spirochetes bind to galactocerebroside. Neurology 1992;42:1341-1348  

Liegner Kenneth. Global Cerebral Atrophy in Lyme Borreliosis. Abstract 55B Arlington Virginia International Lyme Disease Symposia *  

Reik L, Smith L, Kahn A, Nelson W. Demyelinating Encephalopathy in Lyme disease. Neurology 1985;35:267-269  

Schmutzhard E, Pohl P, Stanek G. Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in patients with relapsing/remitting form and chronic progressive form of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1988;51:1215-1218  

Waniek C, Prohovnik I, Kaufman MA. Rapid progressive frontal type dementia and subcortical degeneration associated with Lyme disease. A case report/abstract/poster presentation. LDF State of the art conference with emphasis on neurological Lyme. April 1994, Stamford, CT*  

Abstract #D646 - 1995 Rheumatology Symposia Texas chaired by Alan Steere P.K. Coyle, et al, Multiple Sclerosis vs. Lyme disease a diagnostic dilemma. Forty-seven patients were identified as possible MS patients. Many had brain lesions on their MRIs, consistent with MS 61%. CSF was constant with MS in 46 % of the patients. The final breakdown of the 47 patients was: 21 MS, 15 LD, 7 had findings constant with both LD and MS. Thirteen patients responded to antibiotics but only those who had CSF findings consistent with LD.   

Abstract # D657 - 1995 Rheumatology Symposia Texas chaired by Alan Steere J. Cimperman, F. Strle, et al, Repeated Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the CSF of two patients treated for Lyme neuroborreliosis. Patient 1, was a twenty year old woman who presented with meningitis but was sero-negative for Bb. Subsequently six weeks later, Bb was cultured from her CSF and she was treated with IV Rocephin 2 grams a day for 14 days. Three months later the symptoms returned and Bb was once again isolated from the CSF. Patient 2 was a 51 year old female who developed an EM rash after tick bite. Within two months she had severe neurological symptoms, her serology was negative. She was denied treatment until her CSF was culture positive nine months post tick bite. She was treated with 2 grams of Rocephin for 14 days. Two months post antibiotic treatment Bb was once again cultured from her CSF. In both these cases the patients had negative antibodies, but were culture positive, suggesting that the antibody tests are not reliable predictors of neurological Lyme disease. Also standard treatment regimens are insufficient when infection of the CNS is established, and Bb can survive in the brain despite Intravenous antibiotic treatment.  

Goodman JL, Sonnesyn SW, Holmer S, Kubo S, Johnson RC.: Seroprevelence of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with severe heart failure, evaluated for cardiac transplantation at the University of MN.

Abstract # 49, presented at the Fifth International Symposia on Scientific Research on Lyme Borreliosis, Arlington, VA, 1992 * The presence of Lyme antibodies is present in a large percentage of myocardopathy patients awaiting heart transplants.  

Preac-Music V, Pfister HW, Spiegel H, et al. First isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from an iris biopsy. J Clin Neuro-ophthalmology 1993;13:155-161  

Steere AC, Durray PH, Danny JH et al. Unilateral Blindness Caused by Infection with the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Annals of Internal Med, 1986;103:382-384  

Suttorp-Schulten MS, Luyendijk L, VanDam AP, et al. Birdshot chorioretinopathy and Lyme Borreliosis. Amer J Ophthalmol 1993;115(2):149-53  

Winward KE, Lawson-Smith J, et al. Ocular Lyme Borreliosis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1989;108:651-657  

Winterkorn, Jaqueline. Lyme Disease: Neurologic and Ophthalmic Manifestations. Survey of Ophthalmology 1990;35(3):191-203  

DeKoning J, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JAA, van der linde MR, Crjins HJGM. Demonstration of spirochetes in cardiac biopsies of patients with Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 1989;160:150-153

Gasser R, Dusleag J, Beisinger E, et al. Reversal by ceftriaxone of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection. [Letter/Comments] Lancet, August 1, 1992;340(8814):317-18, From Lancet May 9, 1992;339(8802):1174-5  

Schmutzhard E, Pohl P, Stanek G. Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in patients with relapsing/remitting form and chronic progressive form of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1988;51:1215-1218

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